Traducido por Miriam Medina
"Esto se usa comúnmente ahora para describir un estado de miedo que linda con el frenesí, de cualquier causa inducida. En la historia, se refiere a los grandes crisis economicos como "Pánicos". Los Estados Unidos han pasado por varios que eran notables.
Aquellos quienes fueron de los más desastrosos han seguido por lo general la especulación imprudente en tierras o seguridades infladas.Se afirma que la crisis de 1816-1819 en los Estados Unidos fue debido a la especulación y desorden después de la guerra de 1812. El siguiente ocurrió en 1825. Un pánico muy memorable era el de 1837.
Los pocos años precedentes habían sido marcados por la especulación extraordinaria, continuada con un sistema bancario poco sólido."La circular de especie de Jackson" hizo que muchos bancos se suspendieran, y el crédito fue deteriorado generalmente en el país. La ayuda gubernamental fue invocada por muchas instituciones financieras, pero sin provecho, como Van Buren, que había tenido éxito a la presidencia, insistio en que los individuos deben rectificar sus propios asuntos. En 1857 otro período de inflación fue seguido por otro pánico.Otra vez en 1873 había una crisis monetaria severa. Justamente 20 años más tarde ocurrió el último pánico del cual el país ha sufrido.
Depresión
El colapso masivo de la economía que normalmente sigue un período de prosperidad. Una depresión es por lo general acompañada por un pánico financiero o un desplome de la bolsa mientras los inversionistas pierden confianza y rechazan comprar las acciónes
o hacer préstamos. Un nivel tambaleante de desempleo es el resultado más inmediato y debilitante. Sin embargo, no todos los desplomes alcanzan el nivel de depresión nacional, Si el descenso en la economía es efímera y relativamente suave, es llamado "una recesión". Tres depresiones principales, así definido debido a la profundidad y duración del colapso han ocurrido en la historia americana: 1837, 1893, and 1929. Algunos historiadores agregan a la lista los descensos en 1857, 1873, y 1907. Hay mucho conflicto entre historiadores económicos y economistas en cuanto a las causas de depresiones económicas.
Crisis económica
Un término usado flojamente por escritores económicos para distinguir la fase aguda o el curso entero de los disturbios en la vida económica que han caracterizado el siglo pasado, y que se han repetido con tanta frecuencia como para que aparezcan los resultados inevitables de la orden industrial moderno . Los fenómenos involucrados son tan complejos que deben estar descritos en vez de definirse.
El hecho que sobresale en la historia económica de los últimos tiempos es la alternancia de la prosperidad y la depresión, de tiempos buenos y mal. Un período de prosperidad con la expansión de los negocios, una gran actividad en la producción y el comercio, es llevado de repente a su fin, generalmente por el fracaso de una casa bancaria prominente, trayendo consigo la caída de otras instituciones financieras y mercantiles.
Se paraliza el negocio, los acreedores exigen el pago de reclamaciones, y los deudores encuentran casi imposible para asegurar los medios de pago. El panico domina, y por un tiempo toda la estructura mercantil amenaza con derrumbarse. De ese evento chocante, los negocios recuperan pero lentamente, su actividad se reduce al punto más bajo, y transcurre un tiempo antes de que la restauración de la confianza ocurra.
A continuación.... (2)
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Si deseas dejar un comentario escribe a: miriammedina@earthlink.net o miriam@thehistorybox.com
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Friday, July 24, 2009
Thursday, July 23, 2009
Poesías de José Martí (7)
"A Micaela"
(En la muerte de Miguel Angel)
I
Cuando en la noche del duelo
Llora el alma sus pesares,
Y lamenta su desgracia,
Y conduele sus afanes,
Tristes lágrimas se escapan
Como perlas de los mares;
Y por eso, Micaela,
Triste lloras, sin que nadie
Tu dolor consolar pueda
Y tus sollozos acalle;
y por eso, Micaela,
Triste en tu dolor de madre,
Lloras siempre, siempre gimes
La muerte de Miguel Angel.
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II
¡ Allí está ! Cual fresca rosa,
¡ Allí está ! Cual fresca rosa,
Blanco lirio de la tarde,
Sentado en el verde musgo,
Yace tu Miguel, tu "ángel",
La imagen de tus delirios,
La noche de tus afanes,
El alma de tus amores,
Consuelo de tus pesares,
Pura gota de rocío
Que al blando beso del aire
Casta brotó de tu seno
Convertida en Miguel Angel.
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III
¡Allí está ! Lágrimas tristes
¡Allí está ! Lágrimas tristes
Anublan tu faz de madre,
Porque les falta a tus ojos
Algo bello, algo tan suave
Como las nubes de oro,
Rosa y grana de la tarde;
Y en el aire que respiras,
Y en las hojas de los árboles,
Ves cruzar, cual misteriosa
Sombra, de tu amor imagen,
A la perla de tus sueños,
Al precioso Miguel Angel.
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IV
Pero, ¿ no ves, Micaela,
Pero, ¿ no ves, Micaela,
Esa nube y esos ángeles?
¡Mira ! ¿ No ves cómo suben?
¿ Los ves? ¿Los ves? ¡ Triste madre,
Ya se llevan a tu hijo,
De tus delirios la imagen,
El alma de tus amores,
La noche de tus afanes,
Pura gota de rocío
Linda perla de los mares!....
¡ Llora, llora, Micaela,
Porque se fue Miguel Angel!
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14 de abril de 1868
14 de abril de 1868
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De mi colección de libros: "Obras Completas José Martí Volumen 17 Poesia; Editorial Nacional de Cuba/La Habana, 1964.
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Vea "El Rincón Español " (música latina, documentarios y más de José Martí.
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Italian Harlem's Police Report #4
Topic: Gunmen Kill Cousin of Lupo-the-Wolf; Slayers Open Fire From Automobile with Sawed-Off Shotguns in Harlem 1922
Vincent Morrelli, also known as Vincent Terranova, whose murder yesterday morning at 116th Street and Second Avenue is said by the police to have been the cause of the pistol battle in Grand Street last evening, was shot down near his home by several men in an automobile, who escaped. Morrelli's ostensible occupation was that of restaurateur, but he is known to the police as a leader in bootlegging gangs and as an associate of counterfeiters, "policy" men and members of other gangs.Morrelli, although severely wounded, dropped to one knee and drew his revolver, firing several times. Then, as he fell back, he flung the weapon far into the street, in apparent last effort to have his person free from any incriminating evidence when the police arrived.
When Patrolman Winter of the East 126th Street Station did arrive, a minute later, Morrelli was dead and the car was gone. Two witnesses, however, were on hand to tell of its presence.Morrelli was identified by his widow, who had heard the shooting. Later investigation showed he was the man who was also known to the police as Terranova. It was recalled that several months ago he had been arrested on a charge of a violation of the Sullivan law and that he had been involved in a bootlegging gang. Detective Hugh Cassidy, who once worked under Lieutenant Petrosino in the Italian district, believed however, that the feud that led to Morrelli's murder ran back further than the Volstead act.
The police were still gathering together the loose ends of Morrelli's history last night, when the Grand Street shooting occurred. In 1908, it developed, he had been arrested as a suspect in the murder of Diamond Sam Sicco. He was acquitted of the charge. The murdered man's half brother, Giuseppe Morrelli, and Ignazio Lupo, were arrested in 1900 at Highland, N.Y., for counterfeiting and were sentenced to serve twenty-five years each. They were pardoned recently.Morrelli was a cousin of Lupo who is known as Lupo, the Wolf, and whose name came up during the investigation of the "barrel murder" at Avenue A and Eleventh Street in 1900.Nicola Terranova, a brother of the slain man, and Charles Umbracio were lured to a house in Brooklyn and killed about five year ago. A cousin, named Charles Lamonti, was shot in 1913 at 116th Street and First Avenue. Lamonti's brother Joe was shot and killed about a year later.
The New York Times May 9, 1922
To contact: miriam@thehistorybox.com
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Vincent Morrelli, also known as Vincent Terranova, whose murder yesterday morning at 116th Street and Second Avenue is said by the police to have been the cause of the pistol battle in Grand Street last evening, was shot down near his home by several men in an automobile, who escaped. Morrelli's ostensible occupation was that of restaurateur, but he is known to the police as a leader in bootlegging gangs and as an associate of counterfeiters, "policy" men and members of other gangs.Morrelli, although severely wounded, dropped to one knee and drew his revolver, firing several times. Then, as he fell back, he flung the weapon far into the street, in apparent last effort to have his person free from any incriminating evidence when the police arrived.
When Patrolman Winter of the East 126th Street Station did arrive, a minute later, Morrelli was dead and the car was gone. Two witnesses, however, were on hand to tell of its presence.Morrelli was identified by his widow, who had heard the shooting. Later investigation showed he was the man who was also known to the police as Terranova. It was recalled that several months ago he had been arrested on a charge of a violation of the Sullivan law and that he had been involved in a bootlegging gang. Detective Hugh Cassidy, who once worked under Lieutenant Petrosino in the Italian district, believed however, that the feud that led to Morrelli's murder ran back further than the Volstead act.
The police were still gathering together the loose ends of Morrelli's history last night, when the Grand Street shooting occurred. In 1908, it developed, he had been arrested as a suspect in the murder of Diamond Sam Sicco. He was acquitted of the charge. The murdered man's half brother, Giuseppe Morrelli, and Ignazio Lupo, were arrested in 1900 at Highland, N.Y., for counterfeiting and were sentenced to serve twenty-five years each. They were pardoned recently.Morrelli was a cousin of Lupo who is known as Lupo, the Wolf, and whose name came up during the investigation of the "barrel murder" at Avenue A and Eleventh Street in 1900.Nicola Terranova, a brother of the slain man, and Charles Umbracio were lured to a house in Brooklyn and killed about five year ago. A cousin, named Charles Lamonti, was shot in 1913 at 116th Street and First Avenue. Lamonti's brother Joe was shot and killed about a year later.
The New York Times May 9, 1922
To contact: miriam@thehistorybox.com
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Italian Harlem's Police Report #3
Topic: Italian Butcher Murdered; Was killed by his former Partner, who had married the Girl he loved 1902
Two Italian butchers, who for several years have supplied meat to the residents of "Little Italy" in East Harlem, fought a duel with pistols and knives yesterday morning, which resulted in the death of one and the disappearance of the other. The dead man is Cinzeno Tanzello, twenty-five years old, of 300 East One Hundred and Seventh Street, and his murderer, Giuseppe De Posino, twenty-two years old, of 306 East One Hundred and Seventh Street, who up to a late hour last night had not been captured by the p olice.Up to several months ago the men were partners in a large butcher shop at 300 East One Hundred and Seventh Street.
Among their customers was a young Italian girl named Rosina. Both fell in love with her, proposed, and were refused. De Posino persisted in his attentions and there were numerous quarrels between the partners. Finally Rosina accepted De Posino, and they were married secretly. When Tanzello learned this he was furious. After a fight the partnership was dissolved. Tanzello continued to run the store at 300 East One Hundred and Seventh Street, while De Posino took his bride to 306 East One Hundred and Seventh Street, where he opened an opposition shop. Since that time the two men have fought and quarreled every time they met.The rivalry culminated yesterday morning, when De Posino saw several of his customers enter Tanzello's store, and leave it with bundles of meat. Furious, he rushed into Tanzello's store and charged him with robbing him of his customers. Tanzello denied the charge, and picking up a butcher's knife made a slash at De Posino. Dodging the blow De Posino stepped backward and drawing a revolver from under his apron fired two shots. One bullet took effect over the left eye, and the other just over the heart. Tanzello fell across the doorstep. De Posino rushed into his won store, grabbed the contents of the till, and disappeared in a tenement house across the street. By this time the entire neighborhood was in an uproar, and policeman Shaw of the East One Hundred and Fourth Street Station, who heard the shots, arrived and found four Italians carrying Tanzello to a drug store. He at once summoned an ambulance, and Dr. Neal took the injured man to Harlem Hospital, where he died a few minutes after his arrival there.Capt. Haughey detailed a number of men on the case, but a most careful search failed to reveal the murderer. Detectives Reed and Dixon, however, arrested Assinato Tanzello, who is either a cousin or brother of the dead man, and Antonio Boliandi, both living at 306 East One Hundred and Seventh Street, as witnesses and accessories to the crime.
The New York Times March 10, 1902.
To contact: miram@thehistorybox.com
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Two Italian butchers, who for several years have supplied meat to the residents of "Little Italy" in East Harlem, fought a duel with pistols and knives yesterday morning, which resulted in the death of one and the disappearance of the other. The dead man is Cinzeno Tanzello, twenty-five years old, of 300 East One Hundred and Seventh Street, and his murderer, Giuseppe De Posino, twenty-two years old, of 306 East One Hundred and Seventh Street, who up to a late hour last night had not been captured by the p olice.Up to several months ago the men were partners in a large butcher shop at 300 East One Hundred and Seventh Street.
Among their customers was a young Italian girl named Rosina. Both fell in love with her, proposed, and were refused. De Posino persisted in his attentions and there were numerous quarrels between the partners. Finally Rosina accepted De Posino, and they were married secretly. When Tanzello learned this he was furious. After a fight the partnership was dissolved. Tanzello continued to run the store at 300 East One Hundred and Seventh Street, while De Posino took his bride to 306 East One Hundred and Seventh Street, where he opened an opposition shop. Since that time the two men have fought and quarreled every time they met.The rivalry culminated yesterday morning, when De Posino saw several of his customers enter Tanzello's store, and leave it with bundles of meat. Furious, he rushed into Tanzello's store and charged him with robbing him of his customers. Tanzello denied the charge, and picking up a butcher's knife made a slash at De Posino. Dodging the blow De Posino stepped backward and drawing a revolver from under his apron fired two shots. One bullet took effect over the left eye, and the other just over the heart. Tanzello fell across the doorstep. De Posino rushed into his won store, grabbed the contents of the till, and disappeared in a tenement house across the street. By this time the entire neighborhood was in an uproar, and policeman Shaw of the East One Hundred and Fourth Street Station, who heard the shots, arrived and found four Italians carrying Tanzello to a drug store. He at once summoned an ambulance, and Dr. Neal took the injured man to Harlem Hospital, where he died a few minutes after his arrival there.Capt. Haughey detailed a number of men on the case, but a most careful search failed to reveal the murderer. Detectives Reed and Dixon, however, arrested Assinato Tanzello, who is either a cousin or brother of the dead man, and Antonio Boliandi, both living at 306 East One Hundred and Seventh Street, as witnesses and accessories to the crime.
The New York Times March 10, 1902.
To contact: miram@thehistorybox.com
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